Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories___ 1___ on the individual suggest that children engaged in criminal behavior___ 2___ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through___ 3___ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in___ 4___ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status___ 5___ as a rejection of middle-class values.

    Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families,___6___ the fact that children from wealthy families also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes___ 7___ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are___ 8___ to criticism.

    Changes in the social structure may indirectly___ 9___ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that___ 10___ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment___ 11___ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in___ 12___ lead more youths into criminal behavior.

    Families have also___ 13___ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents;___ 14___, children are likely to have less supervision at home___ 15___ was common in the traditional family___ 16___. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other___ 17___ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased___ 18___ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing___ 19___ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act,___ 20___ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. (287 words)

    1. A. acting B. relying C. centering D. commenting

    2. A. if B. unless C. until D. because

    3. A. interactions B. assimilation C. cooperation D. consultation

    4. A. return B. reply C. reference D. response

    5. A. or B. but rather C. but D. or else

    6. A. considering B. ignoring C. highlighting D. discarding

    7. A. on B. in C. for D. with

    8. A. immune B. resistant C. sensitive D. subject

    9. A. affect B. reduce C. check D. reflect

    10. A. point B. lead C. come D. amount

    11. A. in general B. on average C. by contrast D. at length

    12. A. case B. short C. turn D. essence

    13. A. survived B. noticed C. undertaken D. experienced

    14. A. contrarily B. consequently C. similarly D. simultaneously

    15. A. than B. that C. which D. as

    16. A. system B. structure C. concept D. heritage

    17. A. assessable B. identifiable C. negligible D. incredible

    18. A. expense B. restriction C. allocation D. availability

    19. A. incidence B. awareness C. exposure D. popularity

    20. A. provided B. since C. although D. supposing

    II. 選擇搭配題

    Directions:

    You are going to read a list of headings and a text about plagiarism in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (4 1-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    [A] What to do as a student?

    [B] Various definitions of plagiarism

    [C] Ideas should always be sourced

    [D] Ignorance can be forgiven

    [E] Plagiarism is equivalent to theft

    [F] The consequences of plagiarism

    Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person’s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one’s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is “the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as

    one’s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another.”

    41

    The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources.

    42

    Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars’ ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students’ inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention.

    43

    Plagiarism by accident, or oversight，sometimes is the result of the writer’s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished.

    44

    Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography -- are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although‘there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them,’the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged.

    45

    The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention.

    The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement: All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty．

    (課外練習，下次課給答案)

    Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Five Rules for the Post-boom. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

    [A] It’s easier to be acquired than hired:

    [B] Endurance counts:

    [C] Develop a taste for crow:

    [D] Square pegs for square holes:

    [E] Make yourself available for any job interview:

    [F] The Rule of 10:

    What a difference a bust makes. The employers are back in the driver’s seat, and job switchers have to learn to play the game anew. As an executive agent, I manage the careers of senior executives, many of them in tech industries, and I’m often privy to their most trying professional challenges. From my vantage point, I’ve seen some new rules emerge for job hunters.

    41

    All hiring executives have at least 10 friends out of work. They will typically fill senior-level openings by first calling friends in their Rolodex. So if you needed a reminder about the importance of building and maintaining your professional network, this is it. Get onto as many lists of 10 as possible.

    42

    Back in the days of the talent shortage, companies often hired people into jobs with relatively little experience for that particular task. They didn’t have much choice; they crossed their fingers and hoped the person would grow into the job.

    Now hiring managers can choose from candidates whose professional experience is exactly, 100 percent relevant for the position. It’s not a good time to switch careers.

    43

    The old wisdom was “Just get your foot in the door.” But even that’s not easy now, since companies have the luxury of taking long, hard looks at candidates before hiring them. One solution: develop some kind of business relationship with the company, such as pitching deals that are low-risk. high-reward for them. A client of mine developed a consulting agreement that would lead to an equity stake in the firm—and a permanent job—if he was successful. His plan worked. Consulting, once considered the last option for a corporate executive on the job market, has now become an avenue to getting hired.

    44

    A client became depressed during a job interview because the hiring executive he sat across form was a former subordinate of his. It’s a common occurrence. After all, with the flight by entrepreneurial types from corporations during the height of the dot-com boom, those left behind were often promoted—largely because they stayed. Like the tortoise competing against the hare, they are plodding toward the finish line with big smiles. In this job market, turn off an arrogance or hubris; there’s little time for gamesmanship. Position yourself positively; you may bypass them later on, but to get back in the race you must first get back inside.

    45

    If you’re out of work, find someone to help you take a hard look inward. Evaluate your skills and experience, and market yourself into positions that are a near-perfect match—even if it means a step down in salary or title. Whether you’re in a job or out of a job, the most important rules remain the same: be smart and relentless about forging lasting partnerships, and have a work ethic of perseverance. Don’t wait for a career map, create your own.

    III. English-Chinese Translation

    Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying prehistoric cultures. 1) Relatively recently the same techniques have been systematically applied to the study of the more immediate past, which has been called “historical archaeology,” a term that is used in the United States to refer to any archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate the arrival of Europeans.

    Back in the 1930’s and 1940’s, when building restoration was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back seat to architects.

    2) The extreme enthusiasm for reconstruction had largely died down by the 1950’s and 1960’s. Most people entering historical archaeology during this period came out of university anthropology departments where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They were, by training, scientists, not historians, and their work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed and the techniques they used were designed to help them understand, as scientists, how people behaved. 3) But because they were embarking on the historical ground for which there was often extensive written documentation and because their knowledge of these periods was usually limited, their contributions to American history remained confined. Their reports, highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread.

    More recently, professional archaeologists have taken over. 4) These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area has led to a reinterpretation of the United States past.

    5) In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has been uncovered that indicates that English goods were being smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an excavation at the site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building’s basement despite sanitation laws to the contrary. (356 words)

    Notes: archaeology考古學； take a back seat 退居次要地位；die down 逐漸減弱；embark on從事，著手，開始工作； take over接收，接辦，接任；seek to do sth. 試圖做某事；promise n. 有希望，有前途；stash vt. 隱藏；to the contrary （作表語或后置定語）相反的。supposedly 按照推定，想象上，恐怕。

    IV. Writing

    Directions: Your best friend Tom is going to Vancouver on business. Write a letter to your Canadian friend Henry to:

    1) introduce your friend to this Canadian friend,

    2) state your friend’s interests,

    3) contact your friend if possible.

    Letter of Introduction

    Dear Henry,

    My best friend Tom will be in Vancouver on business the week of April 10. He is director of marketing for a large carton manufacturer. 我認為，如果日程安排允許的話，你們會很高興見面的。

    I told Tom you are doing research for a textbook on the use of graphics designs in advertising. 湯姆對你研究的項目很感興趣而且想知道它怎樣用于包裝盒，which his company makes and prints.

    If you have the time, give him a call at 241-0310, Room 601. 我告訴他你可能那一周抽不出空，所以如果沒有你的消息他也會理解的。

    Yours sincerely,

    Li Ming

    作業(yè)：1. 認真復習本單元內(nèi)容。 2. 從四個搭配的角度分析本單元完形填空練習。 3. 認真翻譯“考古學”全文。

    贈言：工作雖苦，貧窮更苦。（It may be hard to work, but it must be harder to want.）

    選擇搭配題參考譯文

    經(jīng)濟蕭條造成了多麼大的影響啊！雇主們回到了司機的座位自己開車，想改行的人必須 重新學會游戲規(guī)則。作為一個經(jīng)理代理人，我負責高級管理人員的職業(yè)安排，其中不少人從事的是技術行業(yè)，對于他們在職業(yè)上遇到的比較艱難的挑戰(zhàn)，我通常了如指掌。在我看來，求職者應該遵循以下幾條新規(guī)則。

    1． 十友規(guī)則：所有用人單位的管理人員都至少有10個失業(yè)朋友。 他們一般首先招請通訊錄中的朋友來填補高級職位的空缺。因此， 建立和維持你的職業(yè)關系網(wǎng)十分重要—這就是你需要的提醒。 讓自己的名字列入盡可能多的“十友名單”中。

    2． 什麼洞打什麼樁：回顧過去那個人才匱乏的時代，公司為填補空缺的職位，往往雇傭一些幾乎沒有相關工作經(jīng)驗的職員。他們沒有太多選擇；只能祈求好運降臨，盼望這樣的人盡快熟悉并做好這份工作。

    現(xiàn)在，用人單位的人事主管可以從工作經(jīng)驗與空缺職位完全相符的求職人員中挑選員工。 現(xiàn)在不是改行的好時機。

    3． 讓人需要你比讓人雇傭你更容易：有一句昔日的格言說得好：“先把你的腳跨進門內(nèi)�！辈贿^，即使想那樣做，現(xiàn)在也不容易。因為公司在雇用員工之前完全有條件對求職者進行仔細考察。有一個解決辦法， 就是先和公司提供低風險、高回報的交易等。我的一個客戶就與其公司達成一項為公司提供咨詢服務的協(xié)議，并與公司共同承擔風險，如果他能成功，他就會得到一份永久的工作。他的這種安排果然奏效了。提供咨詢服務曾被認為是公司管理人員在人才市場上不得已的比較后選擇， 現(xiàn)在卻成為求職的一種有效手段。

    4． 學會自我欣賞：一位客戶在求職面試時頗為沮喪，因為坐在對面負責面試的主管竟然是他以前的下屬。其實，這樣的事情屢見不鮮。 畢竟，在網(wǎng)絡行業(yè)繁榮的時期，隨著不少企業(yè)家型人才外流，那些留守員工往往加官進職—─很大程度上就是因為他們留下來沒有跳槽。像烏龜和兔子賽跑一樣，烏龜艱難地爬向終點卻樂觀自信。 在求職市場， 要摒棄傲慢，不要目中無人； 不要搞小動作。要擺正自己的位置； 至于你從前的下屬， 你以后可以采取回避的方式對待， 不過要重新參與競爭，你必須首先回到隊伍中。

    貴在堅持：假如你失業(yè)了， 找人幫你仔細分析原因。對你的技能和經(jīng)驗進行評估， 積極推銷自己， 設法找到適合自己的比較滿意的工作—─即使薪水有所減少、職務有所降低也沒關系。無論你有沒有工作， 比較重要的求職規(guī)則是完全一樣的：要聰明機敏和堅持不懈地打造長久的合作伙伴關系， 恪守不屈不撓的職業(yè)道德。 不要坐等天上掉餡餅； 要自己去創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會。

    閱讀欣賞 經(jīng)濟英語

    Black Economic Development in Atlanta

    Since the early 1970s, Atlanta has enjoyed the reputation as a mecca for black economic development. Perhaps the most significant boost to this image came when the city elected its first black Mayor, Maynard Jackson, who served two terms from 1974 to 1981, ushered in 18 years of black political leadership at city hall and helped create an environment in which the number of black-owned companies tripled, from 3961 in 1977 to 11804 firms today. Atlanta now ranks sixth among U.S. cities in the number of black-owned businesses.

    In 1982, Jackson was succeeded by Andrew Young, who became the city’s second elected two-term black mayor. During the Young administration, Atlanta’s minority participation goal was increased to 35 percent on all city contracts. By this time, the city’s Minority and Female Business Enterprise (MFBE) program was a model for the nation – not only because it created greater access to public work, but because it paved the way for Atlanta’s minority-owned firms to do business in the private sector as well.

    Between 1973 and 1988, the city of Atlanta awarded almost 1600 contracts to 612 minority-owned firms. The average value of those contracts was more than $300,000. During the same period, minority firms received 38 percent of the $283 million in joint-venture contracts awarded by the city.

    “Fair government created an environment for success for all people, ” says Herman J. Russell, chairman and CEO of H.J. Russell & Co. “I was ready to take advantage of opportunities when the doors opened. That’s the key.” Russell, who started his construction empire in 1952, won $75.2 million in contracts through the city’s MFBE program between 1980 and 1990. In 1972, the company grossed $6 million; in 1991, it posted sales of $143.6 million.

    Notes: mecca原為Mecca伊斯蘭教圣地麥加，此處指“向往的地方”。 usher in 迎來。gross v. 總收入。post v. 公布。