復合從句

　　分類

　　名詞性從句：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。

　　形容詞性從句：定語從句

　　副詞性從句：時間狀語從句、原因狀語從句、地點狀語從句、條件狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結果狀語從句和方式狀語從句。

　　名詞性從句

　　單純連接詞：that, if, whether(句中不充當成分）

　　疑問代詞：who, whoever, whichever, what, whatever

　　疑問副詞：when, where, why, how

　　主語從句

　　That we shall be late is certain.他遲到是肯定的。

　　Who he is doesn’t concern me.

　　What she did is not yet known.

　　How the prisoner escaped is a complete mystery.

　　It is certain that we shall be late.

　　It’s not yet known what she did.

　　重要考點

　　That 不充當成分但不可省略。

　　為保句子平衡，可用it 做形式主語，真正主語從句放在句末.

　　That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.地球圍繞著太陽轉是眾所周知的事實。(= It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.)

　　謂語動詞單數。

　　只能使用whether表示是否, if 不可以使用

　　用何連詞看從句中缺少什么成分來決定

　　表語從句

　　1. The problem is who we can get to replace her.

　　2. That is what he meant.

　　3. The question is how he did it.

　　4. That’s where he lives.

　　5. This was when I really got to know the United States.

　　6. Things are not always as they seem to be.

　　7. His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet.

　　8. The problem is that he does not come.

　　重要考點

　　That 一般不可以省略

　　只能使用whether表示是否, if 不可以；但as if 可以

　　The question is whether they will be able to help us. 問題是他們是否能幫我們。

　　All this was over twenty years ago, but it seems as if it was only yesterday.所有這一切過去20多年了，但似乎剛剛是昨天發(fā)生的一樣。

　　用何連詞看從句中缺少什么成分來決定

　　賓語從句

　　1. I understand that he is well-qualified, but I feel he needs more experience.

　　2. I am sorry that you’re ill.

　　3. He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.

　　4.They told us once again that the situation was serious.(that不可以省略,否則有歧義)(省后可譯成：他們再次告訴我們形勢很嚴重。/他們告訴我們形勢再次很嚴重）

　　5. I haven’t the least interest in what he is doing.

　　6. We have no definite information yet as to which route he will take.

　　7. She is sorry for what she said.

　　重要考點

　　That 在不引起歧義時可以省略

　　動詞賓語從句中，whether if等同,介詞賓語從句中只用whether

　　I don’t know whether/if he will come.

　　I have no idea as to whether he will come.

　　為保句子平衡，可用it 做形式賓語，真正賓語從句放在句末。

　　He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.

　　用何連詞看從句中缺少什么成分來決定

　　注意介詞賓語從句(多用what)

　　Whether 和if 差別

　　1 if 只可以用于動詞賓語從句中，不可以用于主語從句、表語從句和介詞賓語從句中

　　2 whether 可以和or not 連用，if 則不可

　　I don’t know whether he will come or not.

　　I don’t know whether/if he will come.

　　同位語從句

　　1 The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.

　　2 Have you heard the news that Mary is going to have a baby.

　　3 Where did you get the idea that I could not come.

　　重要考點

　　Wh-諸詞一般不引導同位語從句

　　大多由從屬連詞that 連接，但that不充當成分

　　先行詞多為news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等抽象名詞

　　起到解釋說明的作用

　　定語從句

　　分類

　　限定性定語從句：一般緊接在所修飾的名詞后，描寫主句所涉及的人或物的具體情況，是主句不可缺少的一部分。

　　非限定性定語從句：為主句所描寫的人或物提供一些附加情況，沒有它，主句意義仍然完整。位于所修飾的名詞之后，用逗號與主句分開。

　　關系代詞的選用

　　限定性定語從句

　　The man who robbed the bank has been arrested.

　　The woman( whom/who/that) I told you about came back yesterday.

　　The VCD (which) I bought yesterday broke down.

　　That’s the man whose house has been burnt down.

　　That was the year when he was born.

　　Let’s meet at the gate where you can see the panda.

　　Can you tell me the reason why you are late

　　非限定性定語從句

　　You can talk to Mr. Thomson, who is now in his office.

　　He introduced me to his wife, whom I hadn’t met before.

　　His house, which he bought for $10,000 ten years ago, is now worth $ 35,000.

　　He was very nervous during his first job interview, which was understandable.

　　We will discuss the problem tomorrow, when you calm down.

　　He lived in an attic in an old house, where he had a good view of the city.

　　重要考點

　　1 限定性定語從句中，關系代詞做賓語時可以省略

　　2 當先行詞是

　　*all, something, nothing 等不定代詞時

　　*first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no 等詞修飾時

　　*形容詞修飾時

　　只用that不用which

　　3 非限定性定語從句只能用which 不用that

　　非限制性定語從句中只能用which，可以指代前面的一個詞，也可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語，也可以作賓語或表語，多數情況下意思是與and this 相似。例如：

　　He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.

　　他比賽獲勝，令他父母十分欣慰。

　　4 As在定語從句中的用法

　　1）引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句

　　（１）as多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。

　　such… as; same…as

　　It wasn’t such a good dinner as she had promised us

　�。ǎ玻゛s 也可單獨使用，引導非限制性定語從句，作用相當于which。例如：

　　The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.

　　2）As引導的非限制性定語從句的位置

　　as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面．中間或后面，一般用逗號與主句隔開，但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后

　　As we all know, Taiwan is a part of China.

　　Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as ) is known to all.

　　5 做介詞賓語時，如介詞位于關系代詞前一般用which 或whom, 如介詞位于句末，也可使用that,且可省略。

　　The earth on which we are now living came into being long, long ago.

　　The earth (which/that) we are now living on came into being long, long ago.

　　6 誤區(qū)

　　That was the time that/which I still remember today.

　　That was the time when(at which) he came.

　　That is the factory that/which we are going to visit.

　　That is the factory where(in which) my brother works.

　　狀語從句

　　Andrea

　　時間狀語從句　when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as,etc.

　　地點狀語從句　where, wherever

　　原因狀語從句　because, since, as, for, now that, etc.

　　目的狀語從句　in order that, so that, that, etc.

　　結果狀語從句　so…that, so that, such…that, that, etc.

　　條件狀語從句　if, unless, as (so) long as, etc.

　　讓步狀語從句　though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc.

　　比較狀語從句　as…as, so…as, than, etc.

　　方式狀語從句　as, as if, as though, etc.

　　1 時間狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until

　　特殊引導詞：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

　　No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

　　他們剛一到家就下起雨來了

　　Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

　　每次我聽從他的建議就會惹麻煩。

　　1 when, while& as 的差別

　　While多表示一段時間內的持續(xù)性動作或狀態(tài)

　　When和as 既表示持續(xù)也可以表示瞬間的概念

　　As 可以表示隨著…

　　I was about to leave when the telephone rang.

　　While Peter was reading, his wife was cooking.

　　As she got older, she got wiser.

　　2 the minute, the moment, every time, the instant, the second, instantly, immediately, directly 等詞可以直接引導時間狀語從句

　　Immediately he arrived, he started describing us what had happened.

　　The moment I saw it, I liked it.

　　2 原因狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：because, since, as, since ，for(句尾表顯而易見的原因或表推測）

　　特殊引導詞：seeing that（看到）, now that既然, in that（原因）在于, considering that（考慮到）；given that考慮到, considering that（考慮到）

　　Since the speaker can’t come, we’ll have to cancel the meeting.

　　Now （that ）we have finished the course, we can begin our term paper.既然我們已經學完了這門課，我們可以開始寫學期論文了。

　　It must have rained last night, for the ground was wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因為地濕了。

　　Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.

　　考慮到他還不到12歲，180公分的個子算是驚人。

　　3 條件狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：if, unless,

　　特殊引導詞：as/so long as, only if只要providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

　　If you don’t come on time, we’ll start out without you.

　　As long as you keep on trying, you’ll certainly succeed.

　　考點：providing that, provided (如果）supposing that, suppose that假設, on condition that, in case以防萬一.

　　Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

　　如果沒人反對，我們就在那里舉行會議。

　　4 地點狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：where

　　特殊引導詞：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

　　I’ll drive you wherever you are going.

　　Where there is a will, there is a way.

　　You have the right to live where you want.

　　5 目的狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：so that, in order that

　　特殊引導詞：lest惟恐, in case, for fear that惟恐，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that（為了）

　　She ate her supper quickly so she could go out early.

　　Speak clearly so that they will understand you.

　　Don’t let your baby play with your watch in case he damages it.

　　連詞：so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest(從句中用should)

　　6 讓步狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：though, although, even if, even though

　　特殊引導詞：as(用在讓步狀語從句中必須要倒裝)，while ( 一般用在句首)，no matter …, in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

　　Although we were poor, we were very happy.

　　Even if he proves to be wrong, he wouldn’t admit it.

　　Despite(in spite of) his illness, he still went to work.(=Despite the fact that he was ill/Although he was ill, he still went to work).

　　考點：

　　1. Whatever, wherever, whenever, whoever, however等詞引導的讓步狀語從句等同于no matter…

　　No matter how （=However) hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

　　不管他如何努力，她就是不改決心。

　　He won’t listen to whatever you may say. 無論你說什么他都不聽

　　2 Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal.

　　盡管我很尊敬他，我卻不同意他的建議。

　　3. Despite/in spite of 后面加名詞性成分

　　7 結果狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：so … that, so… that, such … that,

　　特殊引導詞：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that

　　His heart beat so fast that he could hardly breathe.

　　It gave him such s shock that his face turned white.

　　He overslept, so that he was late for work.

　　8 方式狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：as, as if, how

　　特殊引導詞：the way

　　Do as you are told.叫你怎么做你就怎么做。

　　I’ve taken the medicine as instructed.我已經按醫(yī)囑服藥了。

　　When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 入鄉(xiāng)隨俗.

　　She behaved as if she were the boss. 她的舉止像是個老板.

　　Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 有時候我們教導孩子就像父母當年那樣教導我們。

　　9. 比較狀語從句

　　常用引導詞：as (同級比較), than (不同程度的比較)

　　特殊引導詞：the more … the more … ; just as …，so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

　　She is as bad-tempered as her mother. 她像她母親一樣脾氣暴躁。

　　The house is three times as big as ours. 這房子是我們房子的三倍大。

　　The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. 你越鍛煉，身體就越健康。

　　Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，猶如油之于機器。

　　倍數表達法

　　這房子是我們房子的三倍大。

　　The house is three times as big as ours.

　　The house is three times bigger than ours.

　　The house is three times the size of ours.