CET4語法復(fù)習(xí)之一
　　動(dòng)賓一致
　　英語語法規(guī)定，用于賓語的詞語應(yīng)使用它們的賓格。能夠用做賓語的詞類中只有人稱代詞有特別的賓格形式，其他詞類如名詞原形即可用于賓格，無須變化。詞與詞之間的固定搭配屬于英語的慣用法。一些動(dòng)詞與它們用于賓語的名詞之間也存在固定搭配現(xiàn)象。
　　【例如】
　　to acquire knowledge
　　獲得知識(shí)
　　to get a job
　　獲得工作
　　to obtain a position
　　獲得工作 ( 語氣較莊重 )
　　to achieve success
　　獲得成功
　　to gain reputation
　　獲得聲譽(yù)
　　to attain one's end
　　達(dá)到目的
　　to do sb. a favor
　　請(qǐng)幫忙
　　這類慣用法沒有太多的章法可循 , 只有在平時(shí)的閱讀中多看，多記。
　　時(shí)態(tài)一致
　　時(shí)態(tài)一致
　　1) 并列謂語的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
　　【例如】 Yesterday I went shopping, bought some books and had dinner at a good restaurant.
　　The soldier looked at him, exchanged glances with his comrade and took out the gun.
　　2) 主從復(fù)合句的時(shí)態(tài)一致。
　　a) 主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)、將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，賓語從句謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)按情況而定。
　　【例如】
　　I wonder what will happen tomorrow.
　　I wonder what happened to him yesterday.
　　I wonder what is happening now outside.
　　b) 主句為過去時(shí)態(tài)，賓語從句一般用過去時(shí)態(tài)。如果賓語從句說明的是客觀真理，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
　　【例如】
　　He told me he made a big mistake.
　　He told me he would go to Beijing the next day.
　　He told he had finished his task.
　　The teacher told students that the earth moves around the sun.( 客觀真理 )
　　3) 定語從句和比較狀語從句時(shí)態(tài)不受主句影響。
　　【例如】
　　The universityswhereshe is studying was founded in 1950.
　　You now speak English better than you spoke it last year.
　　4) 時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
　　【例如】
　　We will cancel our trip if it rains tomorrow.
　　I will go to visit the Summer Palace as soon as I arrive in Beijing .
　　集合名詞的主謂一致
　　集合名詞作主語時(shí)，主謂一致關(guān)系是一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的問題。對(duì)此類問題我們可以從“數(shù)”的角度分為四類。
　　1) 單數(shù)—復(fù)數(shù)型。凡是有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾變化形式的集合名詞都屬于此類。如： a class — classes; a family — families; a government—governments; an army—armies; a people—peoples; a group—groups; a crowd—crowds; a crew — crews 等。這類集合名詞強(qiáng)調(diào)的是整體性，即當(dāng)作一個(gè)整體或多個(gè)整體來看待。屬于這類集合名詞的單數(shù)作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；復(fù)數(shù)形式作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
　　【例如】
　　A big crowd often gathers on the square every morning.
　　The government has decided to pass the bill.
　　There are huge crowds in the streets on Sunday.
　　There are many English-speaking peoples in the world.
　　但應(yīng)注意，這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式有時(shí)表示復(fù)數(shù)概念，所以這些集合名詞的單數(shù)形式也可歸為“單復(fù)同形型”中。
　　2) 單數(shù)型。這類集合名詞表示的是人或事物的整體，即把這類人或事物的全部包括在內(nèi)，所以只有單數(shù)形式。如作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。這類名詞常見的有： humanity, mankind, proletariat 等。
　　【例如】 The proletariat is the greatest class in the history of mankind. In the fields of production and scientific experiment, mankind makes constant progress.
　　3) 復(fù)數(shù)型。這類集合名詞在形式和內(nèi)容上是相互矛盾的，就是說它們只有單數(shù)形式，但表達(dá)的都是復(fù)數(shù)概念。它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是集體中的個(gè)體性。這類名詞有： police, cattle, faculty, flock, machinery, vermin, personnel 等。它們作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)。
　　【例如】 The police have caught the murder.
　　Our personnel are very highly trained.
　　The vermin are very dangerous.
　　4) 單復(fù)同形型。這類集合名詞的單數(shù)形式既可表示單數(shù)也可表示復(fù)數(shù)。作主語時(shí)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞或復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞均可，有時(shí)意義區(qū)別不大。
　　【例如】 The school teaching staff are (is) excellent.
　　The public is (are) requested not to litter in the park.
　　The teaching profession claim(s) to be badly paid.
　　這類集合名詞常見的有： class, family, team, crew, board, herd, committee, party, jury, enemy, audience 等。
　　根據(jù)說話人的心理意向若把這個(gè)集合名詞所代表的人或事物看作一個(gè)整體，就認(rèn)為是單數(shù)，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞；若把它所代表的人或事物看作若干個(gè)個(gè)體的話，就認(rèn)為其為復(fù)數(shù)，用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
　　試比較： The football team is playing well.
　　那個(gè)足球隊(duì)打得非常漂亮。
　　The football team areshavingsbath and are then coming back here for tea.
　　足球隊(duì)員們正在洗澡，然后來這里吃茶點(diǎn)。
　　The family is a very happy one.
　　那個(gè)家庭是一個(gè)非常幸福的家庭。
　　That family are very pleased about the news of William's success.
　　全家人對(duì)威廉的成功都感到很高興。

　　“一致”部分練習(xí)題 ( 附答案 )
　　1)Bread and butter ____ what Americans usually have for breakfast.
　　A) are B) is C) was D) were
　　2)Each boy and girl ____given a gift on Christmas Day.
　　A) is B) are C) were D) was
　　3) Nobody but Jack and Jane ____ made great progress in the class recently.
　　A) have B) has C) had D) has been
　　4) Jim is the only one of the staff members who ____to be promoted.
　　A) are B) have been C) is D) has been
　　5) Many a child ____to walk before he can speak
　　A) learn B) learns C) learned D) have learned
　　6) Not only he but also I ____to work hard and pass the exam.
　　A) want B) wants C) wanted D) wanting
　　6) Every means ____tried but with no end.
　　A) have been B) have had C) has been D) are
　　7) My house and home ____ at 108 Maryland .
　　A) are B) is C) were D) is being
　　8) A horse and carriage ____ not much used nowadays
　　.A) is B) are C) were D) is to be
　　10) Many a writer of newspaper articles ____ to writing novels.
　　A) has turned B) have turned C) being turned D) are going to turn
　　11) Either the teachers or the president ____ the meeting
　　.A) attends B) attend C) are attending D) have attended
　　12) Neither of your suggestions ____ sense.
　　A) makes B) make C) is made D) are made
　　13) None of your projects ____.
　　A) working out B) work out C) is worked out D) are worked out
　　14) Going to bed early and getting up early ____ a good habit.
　　A) is B) are C) were D) was
　　15) Statistics ____ his most difficult subject and they are all worried that he won't pass the test.
　　A) is B) are C) was D) were
　　16) Statistics ____ that most of the published and quoted scientific articles are related to medical science.
　　A) has shown B) is shown C) show D) shows
　　17) Everyone who read Women in Love said it ____ one of the best books by Lawrence
　　.A) is B) was C) had been D) has been
　　18) The teacher told us that to remember details, it ____ important to take notes while listening to the lecture.
　　A) would be B) had been C) was D) is
　　19) A series of debates between the major candidates ____ scheduled for the Labor Day weekend last week.
　　A) is B) are C) was D) were
　　20) Two hundred and fifty pounds ____ too unreasonable a price for a second-hand car.
　　A) is B) are C) were D) be
　　21) Twenty minutes ____ a long time for one who waits.
　　A) seem B) seems C) seemed D) are seemed
　　22) David is one of the boys who ____ a driving license.
　　A) has B) have C) isshavingsD) are having
　　23) The audience ____ their seats in the music hall.
　　A) are taking B) is taking C) are taken D) was taking
　　24) The salesman told me that a good set of tires ____ guaranteed to run at least fifty thousand miles.
　　A) was B) were C) had been D) will be
　　25) Up to now, the majority of the undergraduates ____ enrolled for this selected course.
　　A) has been B) have C) had been D) would have been
　　26) The police ____ asked that anyone who saw the accident should get in touch with ____.
　　A) have...them B) has...him C) have...him D) has...them
　　27) I don't think one hundred dollars ____ a big sum of money to him.
　　A) will be B) would be C) is D) are
　　28) None of the shops in the downtown ____ before 8 pm .
　　A) is going to be closed B) will be closing C) is closing D) are being closed
　　29) Five multiplied by two ____ten.
　　A) is equal B) equals C) equal with D) equal to
　　30) My friend and classmate Paul ____ motorcycles in his spare time.
　　A) race B) races C) is raced D) is racing
　　“一致”部分練習(xí)題答案
　　1)B 2)A 3)B 4)C 5)B
　　6)A 7)C 8)B 9)A 10)A
　　11)A 12)A 13)B 14)A 15)A
　　16)C 17)B 18)D 19)C 20)A
　　21)B 22)B 23)A 24)A 25)A
　　26)A 27)C 28)A 29)B 30)B ��
　　CET4 語法：主謂一致的三條原則
　　在大學(xué)英語四級(jí)測試的“詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)”一題中，考查主語和謂語一致關(guān)系的試題居多。所以主謂一致是各類一致關(guān)系中應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)掌握的內(nèi)容�，F(xiàn)代英語主謂一致大致要遵循以下三條原則： 1) 語法一致原則。主語是單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
　　【例如】
　　My friend has no intention of going shopping with me.
　　My friends have no intention of going shopping with me.
　　2) 意義一致原則。主語和謂語的一致不是由主語的語法形式來決定，而是由主語所表達(dá)的意義決定。
　　【例如】
　　The class are busying writing English passages.
　　The United States is a developed country which has advanced science and technology.
　　帶有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾的學(xué)科名稱、國家等在意義是表示單數(shù)概念，用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
　　3) 就近原則。謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近它的主語。由 either....or, neither....nor, not only....but also 連接或由 here, there 等引導(dǎo)的句子，謂語動(dòng)詞遵循這一原則。
　　【例如】 Neither my friends nor I was able to persuade him to accept our advice.
　　Either he or she has broken the window, for there is no one else there.
　　There is a teacher and fifty students in the classroom.