Text 1

    How many people really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same miserable consequences today as it did in the 1930’s, when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and there were no compensating social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably relieved the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market problems.

    Yet there are also many ways in which our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployed counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.

    As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions and hence whether high level of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate – that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one of their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems. (457 words)

    Notes: subsistence（維持）生存；affluence 富裕；handicap 阻礙，使不利；handicapped殘截人；forced idleness被迫閑呆；tallies統(tǒng)計；in-kind以貨代款的。

    1. In the first paragraph, the author contrasts the 1930’s with the present in order to show that _________.

    A. more people were unemployed in the 1930’s B. unemployment now has less severe effects

    C. social programs are more needed now D. poverty has increased since the 1930’s

    2. The author’s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a year is probably to show that ________.

    A. there are several factors that cause the payment of low wages to some workers

    B. unemployment statistics can underestimate the hardship resulting from joblessness

    C. recurrent inadequacies in the labor market can cause hardships for individual workers

    D. a majority of those who are jobless at any one time do not suffer severe hardship

    3. According to paragraph 2, the conclusion about the number of people who suffer as a result of forced idleness depends primarily on the fact that _________.

    A. there are some people who do remain unemployed for long

    B. the capacity for self-support depends on receiving high wages

    C. at different times during a year, different people are unemployed

    D. many of those who are affected by unemployment are dependents

    4. The author stated that the alleviating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often NOT felt by _________.

    A. those who are employed but live in poverty B. dependent children in single-earner families

    C. workers who are old or become disabled D. full-time workers who become unemployed

    5. Which of the following is the principal topic of the text?

    A. What causes the labor market problems that result in suffering.

    B. Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty.

    C. Where the areas of agreement are among the poverty, employment, and earning figures.

    D. How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by labour market problems.

    Word study

    count [kaun] v. 1. vt. 數(shù)（數(shù)目），點（數(shù)）：The shopkeeper was counting (his) money.(店主在數(shù)錢。) 2. vt. 算（在內(nèi)）：Six people are on the trip if you count the children. (如你把孩子算在內(nèi)，6人在旅行。) There were forty people in the bus, counting the driver. (把司機算在內(nèi)，公共汽車上有40人。) 3. vi. 起作用，重要，有價值：Every minute counts.(每一分鐘都很重要。) Everything we do counts. (我們做的每件事都有價值。) The individual doesn’t count much in the situation. (這個人在這種形勢下無足輕重。) White lies don’t count.(為了不使人難過而撒謊不要緊。)

    成語 count against 對…不利，看作不利因素His age counted against him.(他的年齡對他不利。) count among 把…算作一個，認為是…之一：Great Britain counts France among her allies.(英國把法國算作一個同盟國。) count for 有價值，有重要性：His reputation does not count for much.(他的聲譽并不很重要。) count in 把…算進去，讓…也參加：We have counted you all in.(我們已把你們大家算進去了。) count on 指望，依靠，準備（得到）：If there’ s anything I can do, count on me.(如有什么我能做的事，讓我去做吧。) You can always count on Bob in any emergency.(你在任何緊急情況下都能指望鮑勃。) I think we can count on Mr. White to support us.(我認為我們能指望懷特先生支持我們。) May I count on your coming?(我能否指望你來？) count out 數(shù)清楚，數(shù)出：He counted out 10 ￡ 5 notes.(他數(shù)出10張5鎊的鈔票。) count up 加起來，算出總數(shù)：Count up those figures for me.(把這些數(shù)字給我加起來。 n. 計算，總計；統(tǒng)計數(shù)字。成語keep count of 計數(shù)，統(tǒng)計總數(shù)。lose count of 算[弄]不清確切數(shù)目。 take... count of 給予注意，計較：I never take any count of what people say about me.（我從不計較別人說我什么。）

    Text 2

    While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about $3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over $34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over the two-year period.

    In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At Associated British Ports, labor disruptions common in the 1970s and early 1980s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom, there is no longer a waiting list – as there always was before privatization – to have a telephone installed.

    Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of the shares: at British Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports, 90 percent; and at British Telecom, 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.

    Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “What we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their resources to the choice. (372 words)

    Notes: headed for走向。disruption 混亂，動亂。come about發(fā)生。eligible 有做…的資格的、合格的。press sb. to do sth. 迫使某人做某事。give away給掉；泄露。

    1. According to the text, all of the following were benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT :

    A. Privatized industries paid taxes to the government.

    B. The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries.

    C. Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased.

    D. Total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries decreased.

    2. It can be inferred from the second paragraph of the text that the author considers labor disruptions to be ___________.

    A. an inevitable problem in a weak national economy

    B. a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them

    C. a hindrance to high performance levels in an industry

    D. a phenomenon found more often in state-owned industries than in private companies

    3. The increased productivity in companies that had been privatized resulted partly from the fact that ___________.

    A. a large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies

    B. free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders

    C. the government ceased to regulate major industries

    D. unions conducted wage negotiations for employees

    4. By the sentence “When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper.” the author means that ____________.

    A. it is necessary for the government to sell all shares in state-owned enterprises to their employees

    B. the individual shareholder will reap great gains from whatever sacrifices he or she makes to achieve them

    C. governments must eliminate all resistance to the free-market system to implement privatization programs

    D. the power of self-interest contributes to the improved productivity when employees buy shares in private companies

    5. The quotation “What we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” in the last paragraph is most probably used to _______.

    A. state a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence

    B. counter a position that the author of the text considers to be incorrect

    C. present a historical maxim(格言) to challenge the principle introduced in the third paragraph

    D. show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the text have supported their arguments

    Text 3

    The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, pure, unprejudiced, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism － to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of society news) as “l(fā)ocal” news, because any event in the international area has local reaction in the financial market, political circles, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.��

    There is in journalism a widespread view that when you consider giving an interpretation, you are entering dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.��

    The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions. What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?��

    As for the first question, consider how a so-called “factual” story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the beginning of the article. (This is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph.) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large influence, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.��

    Thus in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their “news neutralism”, arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.

    The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes － as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the light in the murky news channels.) If an editor is intent on giving a prejudiced view of the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that support his particular viewpoint. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story － promoting it to page one or putting it on page thirty.��(455 words)

    Notes: waters 領域；swirl 旋轉(zhuǎn)；presentation 刊登，報導；confine … to …把…限止到…；come about 發(fā)生；call upon 訪問，號召，參照；in passing 順便，隨便；be intent on 打算。

    1. The main idea which the text intends to express is “___________”.��

    A. Functions of Newspapers B. Interpreting the News��

    C. Choosing Objective Facts D. Subjective versus Objective Processes

    2. The author implies that ___________.

    A. in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgment B. the writer is supposed to limit himself to the facts ��

    C. reporters tend to give a prejudiced view of the facts�� D. editors have the right to control what the reporters write��

    3. The beginning sentence should present the most important fact because ______________.��

    A. it will affect the reader to continue��

    B. it details the general attitude of the writer ��

    C. most readers often scan just the first paragraph ��

    D. it is the best way to write according to the rules of journalism��

    4. Readers are justified in thinking that the most important aspect of the news reported in the newspaper is that it should be _____________.��

    A. true and impartial B. edited properly�� C. objectively reported D. interpreted in detail

    5. The word “murky” in line 3 Paragraph 6 most probably means ___________.

    A. exciting B. perplexing C. different D. gloomy

    II. Writing

    Directions: In this section, you are to write an essay of 160—200 words on the title “Job-hopping(工作跳槽)”. Your essay should be based on the following outline:

    1) Present situation,

    2) Reasons against job-hopping,

    3) Reasons for job-hopping,

    4) Your own opinion.

    我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個就業(yè)市場競爭激烈的社會里，來自社會各階層的畢業(yè)生和求職者爭奪高薪的工作。在這種環(huán)境中，大量的工作機遇使跳槽對于那些喜歡換換工作的人來說成為現(xiàn)實。然而，跳槽仍然是一個有爭議的課題。

    有些人對跳槽嗤之以鼻。他們認為，換工作必然會帶來風險和不穩(wěn)定，而堅持干一份工作意味著有安全保障。這種保障中包含著許多被提拔的可能性和退休后有權領取養(yǎng)老金。根據(jù)他們的看法，“滾動的石頭不生苔”（意為見異思遷將一事無成）。

    然而，由于新興市場創(chuàng)造了許多新的就業(yè)機會，變換工作的趨勢與日俱增。有些人甚至贊成定期換一次工作，因為他們認為，一個人將有更多的機遇來使他們的知識得到實際應用并且能應用新學到的技能，否則這種技能可能會丟失。他們覺得，一份有前途的工作會給人更多的實現(xiàn)希望的機會并且能夠使他們的潛力得以發(fā)揮。對于他們來說，“滾石不長苔，跳槽不聚財”這句話不起作用，因為工作流動中可以得到許多好處。

    依我看，換工作不僅能使人有機會取得成功，而且也能使本來單調(diào)乏味的工作妙趣橫生。不過，要小心，不要過分沉溺于跳槽。

    We now live in a society where competition in the job market rages, with graduates and job-hunters from all walks of life scrambling for highly-paid jobs. Within this context, ample job opportunities turn job-hopping into a reality for those who desire a change. Job-hopping, however, is still a topic on which no consensus has been reached.

    Some people give a frown of disapproval to job-hopping, insisting that changing jobs involves risks and uncertainties, while holding on to a job means security. This security includes the increased chances of being promoted and being entitled to pension after retirement. According to them, “A rolling stone gathers no moss.”

    There is, however, a growing tendency to change jobs as the emerging markets create new job opportunities. Some people even favor switching from one job to another at regular intervals, as they think a person will have more opportunities to actualize their knowledge and apply newly-acquired skills that might otherwise be lost. In their minds, a promising job will give more opportunities for fulfillment and allow them to live up to their potential. For them, the thought of “A rolling stone gathers no moss” falls flat as there are benefits to be gained from moving.

    In my opinion, changing jobs will not only improve your opportunities for success, but will also add to an otherwise monotonous life. However, care should be taken not to go overboard about job-hopping. (232 words)

    Notes: 1. Job-hopping (=throw up one job and take on another) 工作跳槽。2. rage vi. 變得劇烈。 3. scramble for 爭奪，競爭（尤指為得到某物）。4. context 環(huán)境。5. consensus n. 一致。6. give a frown of disapproval 不贊成。7. hold on to 堅持。8. A rolling stone gathers no moss. (諺語) 滾石不長苔，跳槽不聚財。9. emerging market 新興市場。10. live up to one’s potential 發(fā)揮出某人的潛力。11. fall flat (計劃等) 失敗，(話、玩笑等)不起作用。12. add to an otherwise monotonous life 活躍原本單調(diào)乏味的生活。13. go overboard about/for 沉迷于，熱衷于。

    Text 1 參考譯文

    有多少人真正因為勞務市場問題而遭受不幸呢？這是比較重要也是比較有爭議的社會政策問題之一。我們的社會統(tǒng)計數(shù)字在許多方面夸大了困難的程度。如今失業(yè)的后果已不像30年代那樣悲慘了。那時，大部分失業(yè)者都是主要的掙錢養(yǎng)家的人，而那時的工資和收入只能勉強維持生活，而且那時候還沒有為那些在勞務市場失敗的人制訂出補償性的社會保障措施。財富的增加，家庭中出現(xiàn)更多的掙工資的人，失業(yè)者中次要掙錢者的日益普遍，社會福利保護的加強，這一切都毫無疑問減輕了失業(yè)造成的后果。工資與收入數(shù)據(jù)還夸大了困難范圍。在幾百萬收入接近或低于比較低工資標準的小時工中，絕大多數(shù)人來自有好兒份工資收入、相對來說比較富裕的家庭。計算在貧困統(tǒng)計之內(nèi)的人大部分是年老者、殘疾人或者由于家庭負擔不能進入勞務市場者，因此這些貧困統(tǒng)計數(shù)字根本就不能精確地反映出勞動力市場所存在的問題。

    然而，社會統(tǒng)計數(shù)字在許多方面又低估了與勞務市場有關的問題。失業(yè)統(tǒng)計沒有包括成百萬雖然充分就業(yè)但工資卻極低、家庭仍處在貧因之中的人。低收入、經(jīng)常性和長期性失業(yè)往往互相作用，逐漸削弱了一個人的自立能力。由于一年內(nèi)某一時期失業(yè)人數(shù)是任何一個月份中失業(yè)人數(shù)的好幾倍，因無事可做而閑呆在家的受苦之人就有可能等于或者超過平均年度失業(yè)人數(shù)，盡管每個月中真正因失業(yè)而受苦的人只是少數(shù)。對于計算在每月失業(yè)人數(shù)統(tǒng)計之中的每個人來說，同樣還存在一個做臨時工的人，因為他無法找到做全日工作的職位，否則就是在勞務市場之外，但是需要一份工作。比較后，我國的收入轉(zhuǎn)移總是集中在老年人、殘疾人或者吃閑飯人身上，卻忽略了那些有工作的貧困者的需要。因此，現(xiàn)金和實物轉(zhuǎn)移的急趨增加未必意味著在勞務市場上失敗的人能夠得到充分的保護。

    由于這種相矛盾的證據(jù)，人們無法肯定，那些因勞務市場問題而遭受嚴重不幸的人究竟是幾十萬還是幾千萬，因此也不能確定，高失業(yè)率是否能夠容忍，是否必須通過創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機會和實行經(jīng)濟刺激來應對。在這場辯論中惟一意見一致的地方是，現(xiàn)有的關于貧困、就業(yè)和收入的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字都不足以起到它們的主要用途之一 － 衡量勞務市場問題所帶來的后果。

    Text 2 參考譯文

    盡管沒有藍圖（詳細計劃）能把一個主要由政府控制的經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)變成自由經(jīng)濟，但是英國自1979年以來的經(jīng)驗向我們清楚地顯示了一種行之有效的方法：私有化 － 將國營企業(yè)賣給私人公司。到1979年為止，國營企業(yè)的總借款額與虧損額大約是每年30億英鎊。通過賣掉許多這樣的企業(yè)，政府已經(jīng)減少欠債和虧損，并從銷售額中獲得340億英鎊的收入，現(xiàn)在還從一些剛剛私有化的公司中得到了稅收。隨著整個經(jīng)濟的迅速好轉(zhuǎn)，政府已經(jīng)在兩年時間里還清了12.5%的凈欠國債。

    事實上，私有化不僅挽救了個別工業(yè)和整個正在走向毀滅的經(jīng)濟，而且還提高了各行業(yè)的工作表現(xiàn)。例如，在英國航空和天然氣公司，每個雇員的生產(chǎn)率提高了20%；在英國港口聯(lián)營公司，20世紀70年代和80年代初存在的勞動混亂現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)基本消失；在英國電信公司，裝電話再也不用像私有化以前那樣總是要排隊等待。

    這種生產(chǎn)率的提高部分原因是私有化的企業(yè)中雇員有機會購買自己公司的股票。他們對可以購買股票反應十分熱烈；在英國航空航天公司，89%的有資格的工作人員購買了股票；在英國港口聯(lián)營公司，購買比率是90%；而在英國電信公司，購買比率是92%。當人們在某件事情中有了個人的利害關系，他們就會想著它、關心它并且努力使其興旺發(fā)達。在英國貨運聯(lián)合會，那些剛剛當上老板的雇員變得對自己公司的利潤極為關心，在工資談判時他們甚至給工會施加壓力降低它的工資要求。

    一些經(jīng)濟學家認為，無償轉(zhuǎn)讓一些股份會對私有化過程起必要的加速作用。然而，他們卻忽視了托馬思 佩恩的觀點，“愈容易得到，愈不會珍惜”。為了能讓所有者、公司和國家在私有制中獲得長遠利益，雇員和其他個人必須自己決定是否購買，而且必須為這個選擇調(diào)劑出一些個人的財力。

    Text 3 參考譯文

    報紙必須向讀者提供事實，即不攙雜的、無偏見的、客觀選取的事實。但是在新聞繁雜的今天，報紙必須提供更多的東西；它必須提供解說，即各種事實的含義。這是美國新聞業(yè)面臨的比較重要的任務 － 向讀者說明當今的各種問題，使國際新聞像社區(qū)新聞一樣易于理解，承認再也沒有什么“當?shù)亍毙侣勥@樣的事（可能除社會新聞以外），因為國際方面的任何事件會在金融市場、政治界以及我們的生活方式方面產(chǎn)生地區(qū)性反應。

    在新聞界有一種廣泛存在的觀點，認為當你考慮作解說時，你正進入危險的領域，即輿論的旋渦之中。這是胡言。

    反對解說的人堅持要作者和編輯僅限止在“事實”的范圍內(nèi)。這種堅持產(chǎn)生了兩個問題。什么是事實？僅僅事實夠嗎？

    至于第一個問題，請你考慮一下，所謂“事實性”的報導是怎樣發(fā)生的。比如說，記者收集了50件事，由于版面必定有限，從這50件事中他挑選了他認為比較重要的10件。這是判斷1。然后他或他的編輯再決定在這10件事中哪一件應是文章的開頭。（這是一項非常重要的決定，因為許多讀者只看第一段。）這是判斷2。接著夜班的編輯來決定，這篇文章是否登在第一版，因為第一版影響大，或者登在第24版，因為24版幾乎沒有什么影響。這是判斷3。

    這樣，在刊登一件所謂“事實性”或“客觀性的”事件時，至少涉及到3次判斷。這些判斷與解說中的判斷完全不一樣，在解說中，記者和編輯一邊參照他們的研究資料、他們總的背景和他們的“新聞中立主義”，一邊就這條新聞的意義得出結(jié)論。

    判斷的這兩個方面，即新聞的報導和解說，都是客觀的，而不是主觀的過程 － 也就是說，客觀得像任何一個人的存在一樣。（順便指出：即使完全客觀是永遠無法達到的，然而這樣想必定總是許許多多模糊的新聞渠道中的一個亮點。）假如一位編輯一心想對這條新聞發(fā)表有偏見的觀點，他可以用其它的方法去做這件事，可能比解說更有效果。他可以通過選擇支持他的觀點的那些事情來達到這一點�；蛘撸�他可以通過刊登一件事所起的作用來達到這一點 － 即把它提到第一頁或把它推到第30頁。

    祝同學們 身體健康 考研成功!

    恭候佳音。謝謝！

    朱泰祺

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    附：各單元作文后英譯漢句子參考答案：

    (一)

    1. 有兩幅畫呈現(xiàn)兩種截然不同的情境：在溫室中的花茁壯成長；而在暴風雨中的花朵凋謝（wither away）了。There are two pictures presenting two quite different situations: one flower in the greenhouse is growing vigorously, while the other in the storm has withered away.

    2. 有一些年輕人只模仿明星的外表而沒有去研究明星成功所經(jīng)歷的道路。There are some young people who imitate only the appearance of superstars, but don’t look at the road superstars have gone through to success.

    3. 這幅畫真是發(fā)人深省。我不由自主地把成功與刻苦努力聯(lián)系起來了。The picture really sets me thinking. I cannot help associating success with hard work.

    4. 該到我們永遠牢記不能沉溺于甜蜜的夢想中，而應該踏踏實實地做點事情的時候了。It if high time we kept in mind forever that we should not indulge ourselves in sweet dreams, but should get down to some solid work.

    (二)

    1. 不管你買得起多少，我們都歡迎（感激）。 We will be grateful for whatever amount you can afford.

    2. 他們面臨許多問題時，往往喪失信心。They tend to lose heart (=confidence), when they are faced with a lot of problems. (=They tend to lose heart (=confidence) when a lot of problems face them.)

    3. 他們常常夸大他們遇到的困難。They often exaggerate (=overestimate) the difficulties they meet with.

    4. 我們常常看到一些人缺乏克服困難的勇氣。We often see some people who are lacking in (=lack) the courage to overcome (=get over) difficulties.

    5. 可以毫不夸張地說，只要有信心和決心, 我們一定能完成任何面臨的任務。It is no exaggeration to say that only with confidence and determination can we certainly cope with (=fulfill) any task we are faced with (are confronted with).

    (五)

    1. 他們用這些敗壞道德的（poisonous）思想來污染年輕人的頭腦。[ALD] They are contaminating the minds of young people with these poisonous ideas.

    2. 我并不想再參與學校的事務。（=我并不想再被扯到學校的事務中去。） I don’t feel inclined to get involved in school affairs again.

    3. 他們非常想?yún)⑴c這次討論。They are eager to get involved (=participate, take part) in the discussion.

    4. 如果他們違反相關的交通規(guī)則，他們就理應受到嚴厲懲處。If they violate relevant traffic regulations, they deserve to be punished heavily (=severely).

    5. 如果需要對這個問題做進一步評論，請不吝賜函。If any further comment on the issue is required, please don’t hesitate to write to me.

    (六)

    1. 數(shù)以百計的學生擁入大廳去看這位歌星。Hundreds of students poured into the hall to see the singer star.

    2. 1)他渴望成功。 2)他渴望知識。 3)他渴望成為一個超級明星。1)He is eager to succeed. (=He is eager for success.) 2)He aspires after knowledge. (=He longs for knowledge.) 3)He aspires/desires/longs to become a superstar.

    3. 雖然我們還有許多困難要克服，但是我們對未來充滿信心。Though we still have a long way to go, we are full of confidence in the future.

    4. 1)她的著作極有助于我們對這個困難課題的了解。[ALD] 2)汽車增加了空氣污染。1)Her work has contributed a great deal (=enormously) to our understanding of this difficult subject. 2) Cars contribute to air pollution.

    5. 總之，我們盼望一個更美好、更光明的未來。In short (=In brief, To conclude), we look forward to a much better and brighter future.

    (九)

    1. 我們前進時受到惡劣天氣的阻礙。[ALD] Our progress was hampered (=hindered, interfered with, obstructed) by the bad weather.

    2. 這次交通事故造成了他頭部和雙臂的重傷。The traffic accident gave rise to severe injuries to his head and arms.

    3. 無論什么時候我們都不應該做任何損害國家利益的事。At no time should we do anything that will harm the interests of our state.

    4. 我們必須采取若干有力措施來與假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品斗爭。We should adopt (=take) several strong measures to fight against fake and inferior products.

    5. 只有這樣, 消費者才能維護他們的合法權益。Only in this way can consumers defend their own legal rights and interests.

    (十)

    1. 我現(xiàn)在給您寫信以表示我愿意參加私家車問題的爭論并提出我的看法。I’m writing to you to express my willingness to take part in the controversy on private cars and advance my views.

    2. 汽車數(shù)量的增加產(chǎn)生了一系列問題，如空氣污染、噪音、交通堵塞和汽油短缺。The increase in the number of cars brings about (=give rise to, cause)a lot of problems, such as air pollution, noise, traffic congestion and gas shortage.

    3. 人們對這個問題的看法有分歧。People differ in their opinions on it.

    4. 許多居民反對擁有汽車。 Many residents are against (=object to, are opposed to) owning cars.

    5. 只要我們的社會充滿著一愛，明天會變得更美好、更光明。Tomorrow will be much better and brighter if our society is rich in (=is full of) love.

    6. 這些事實只能有一種解釋。The facts allow of only one explanation.

    (十三)

    1. 他過去在政府中擔任要職，現(xiàn)在他已下海經(jīng)商掙錢。He used to hold an important post in the government, but now he’s gone into business to make money.

    2. 有些人年輕模仿明星的言行，而另一些人則是學明星的發(fā)式。Some young people imitate superstars; others model themselves after (=follow) their hairstyles.

    3. 無論何時我們都不應該喪失信心，我們應該牢記：失敗是成功之母。At no time should we lose heart; we should always keep in mind that failure is the mother of success.

    4. 只要你遵循這些原則，你一定會對社會做出杰出貢獻。You will make outstanding contributions to the society only if you follow these principles.

    (十四)

    1. 正如上面兩張圖所示，溫室花朵經(jīng)不起暴風雨的考驗。As is shown by the two pictures given above, the flowers grown in a greenhouse can stand the test of a storm.

    2. 對食品的需求量停止上升，因為人們開始把越來越多的錢花在旅游上。 The demand for food stops rising because people begin to spend more and more money on tours.

    3. 人們普遍覺得，食品的開支占農(nóng)村人民總消費量的很大一部分。It is generally assumed (=held, thought, felt) that the expenses for food account for a great part of the total consumption of the people in the countryside.

    4. 對衣著的需求是有限的，因此其消費量的下降也是必然的。The demand for clothes is limited and the fall in their consumption is also inevitable.

    (十八)

    1. 長期以來考試被認為是一種有效的評估形式。 Examination has long been regarded as an effective form of assessment。

    2. 孩子們不肯參加考試，因為如果考得不好，他們將被家長嚴懲。Children are reluctant to take examinations because they will be punished severely by their parents if they do poorly in their examinations.

    3. 這張照片暗示了超級明星們對年輕人心靈的巨大影響。This photo implies the great influence of superstars on young people’s psyche.

    4. 至于我，我認為，我們應該注意公共規(guī)章，并且提高我們的社會公德意識。As far as I’m concerned, we should pay great attention to public rules and regulations and enhance our sense of public morals.

    5. 我們無論如何也不能把考試認為是激勵學生學習知識的惟一手段。 On no account should we reckon examination as the only means of stimulating pupils to pursue knowledge.

    (十九)

    1. 電視、計算機和飛機都是人類創(chuàng)造的奇跡。TV, computers and planes are all miracles created by man.

    2. 完成這項計劃需要我們花兩年左右。It will take two years or so for us to fulfill this plan.

    3. 醫(yī)生和護士們既熱情又體貼。他們?nèi)�心全意照料病人。Doctors and nurses are all affectionate and considerate. They look after patients with all their hearts.

    4. 我能向你保證我全力支持你的計劃。I can assure you of my full support for your plan. =I can assure you that I will fully support your plan.

    5. 我們必須考慮到我們前進道路上的各種艱難險阻。We must take into consideration/account all kinds of hardships and obstacles which we are faced with on our way ahead. .