УW(wng)С˸W(xu)t(y)ČƌW(xu)У ǻt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)У?jn)?sh)ϣ@܉õĎL(zhng)

(dng)t(y)W(xu)ʲôI(y)?
}һt(y)ʲôI(y) ǻI(y)ȫt(y)W(xu)W(xu)УǻI(y)ˮI(y)Cһ֮ȿǻ(zh)I(y)t(y)CȻǿǻ(zh)I(y)t(y)CCЌԺһԺ˿ǻ(zh)I(y)t(y)C֮Ϳ^܇(yn)My
}t(y)I(y)ҪW(xu)ʲô? ƱW(xu)УŵҲ]kǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)nЌW(xu)(x)]жP(gun)ϵµ֪R(sh)t(y)W(xu)֪R(sh)ĴW(xu)ӢZoC(j)W(xu)ܻA(ch)ܺ(jin)εģԺҲ]R(chng)(yng)һc(din)ӢZ]˒^
I(y)nͿǻt(y)W(xu)ӢZǻ(ni)ޏ(f)Cʲô^W(xu)УĿԇܺ(jin)yڿt(y)YCĕr(sh)ҪA(ch)(sh)R(chng)(yng)϶^?yn)]c(din)̎ǿc(din)
}t(y)W(xu)xʲôI(y) ǻt(y)W(xu)͘I(y)ǰ߀Ǻܲe(cu)ĿǰպʡĿǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ĶԺУкܶࡣ
Ϸt(y)ƴW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺO(sh)пǻ(ni)ƌW(xu)ǻMƌW(xu)ǻCΌW(xu)ǻMW(xu)ͿǻW(xu)ʡ(j)c(din)I(y)Ŀǰ(bo)ʿc(din)
It(y)W(xu)ԺĿǻt(y)W(xu)(gu)ɫI(y)O(sh)c(din)ʡ(j)c(din)W(xu)
@W(xu)Ŀȸǻt(y)W(xu)Aȼ(j)(sh)^(qing)
Vt(y)ƴW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)(gu)Ҽ(j)ɫI(y)O(sh)c(din)Vt(y)ƴW(xu)t(y)W(xu)Շ^xϱ^
xt(y)W(xu)Ժǻt(y)W(xu)(gu)Ҽ(j)ɫI(y)ʡ(j)ʾԱƌI(y)ֻǵλռӄ(sh)
ӱt(y)ƴW(xu)Ǻӱʡt(y)W(xu)I(lng)õĴW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)Ժ͘I(y)ǰdze(cu)Ƿ?jn)?sh)^Ƿ?jn)?sh)HڱTBxČI(y)ӱt(y)ȸƴW(xu)ٿǻt(y)Ժڱ(du)ԺԺ(sh)(x)dz
t(y)ƴW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺЏČW(xu)ʿTʿʿW(xu)λwϵǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)鸣ʡɫI(y)ǻޏ(f)W(xu)ܲW(xu)ȌW(xu)ƞʡУ(j)Ʒn̺̓(yu)̌W(xu)F(tun)(du)
Aú̿t(y)W(xu)ԺV|t(y)W(xu)ԺVt(y)W(xu)Ժ|t(y)W(xu)Ժľ˹W(xu)ɽƌW(xu)g(sh)W(xu)Ժ@ЩW(xu)УҲ_O(sh)˿ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)nj(sh)һЩB+ȼ(j)ČW(xu)У (du)f?jn)?sh)ǺܸߵԒǿϵĸ߀^
ǻI(y)ġĴ塱бW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)Ժ ܊t(y)W(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺĴW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺϺͨW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺI(y)(ni)(du)Ĵ塱I(y)ČW(xu)ИOߵJ(rn)ɶ
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)
1 ĴW(xu) A+
2 ϺͨW(xu) A+
3 hW(xu) A+
4 W(xu) A+
5 ɽW(xu) A
6 Ї(gu)t(y)ƴW(xu) A
7 㽭W(xu) A
8 ִW(xu) A
9 It(y)W(xu)Ժ A
10 t(y)W(xu)Ժ A
11 ɽ|W(xu) A
12 Ͼt(y)ƴW(xu) A
13 t(y)ƴW(xu) A
14 Bt(y)ƴW(xu) A
B+ (21(g))xt(y)W(xu)ԺAú̿t(y)W(xu)Ժӱt(y)ƴW(xu)½t(y)ƴW(xu)ͬ(j)W(xu)Vt(y)ƴW(xu)ؑct(y)ƴW(xu)ϴW(xu)t(y)ƴW(xu)|t(y)W(xu)ԺIt(y)ƴW(xu)Ϸt(y)ƴW(xu)ľ˹W(xu)㽭t(y)ˎW(xu)V|t(y)W(xu)ԺݴW(xu)ͨW(xu)AпƼW(xu)t(y)ƴW(xu)Vt(y)W(xu)ԺɽƌW(xu)g(sh)W(xu)Ժ
B (21(g))(ni)ɹt(y)W(xu)Ժot(y)W(xu)ԺFt(y)W(xu)ԺL(zhng)t(y)W(xu)ԺϴW(xu)t(y)ƴW(xu)uW(xu)(j)t(y)W(xu)ԺmݴW(xu)t(y)W(xu)ԺHt(y)W(xu)Ժt(y)ˎW(xu)AW(xu)ɽt(y)ƴW(xu)ӱW(xu)ԺRRt(y)W(xu)Ժ̌W(xu)ԺݎW(xu)ԺVt(y)W(xu)Ժyt(y)W(xu)Ժt(y)W(xu)Ժ }ģW(xu)t(y)(yng)(bo)ʲôI(y) ƵČI(y)c(din)ֻҪI(y)t(y)YCܾ͘I(y)ƮI(y)t(y)YC
}壺W(xu)t(y)Ҫʲôl һȈ(zh)I(y)t(y)ԇǜ(zhn)ԵĿԇͺM(jn)W(xu)횸߿һӡ֞ɷNΨRǻˎW(xu)o(h)ɷNLj(zh)I(y)t(y)Yԇ͈(zh)I(y)t(y)Yԇ(bo)l£
ھŗl Зl֮һԅӈ(zh)I(y)t(y)Yԇ
һиߵȌW(xu)Уt(y)W(xu)I(y)όW(xu)vڈ(zh)I(y)t(y)ָ(do)t(y)A(y)C(j)(gu)ԇڝMһģ
ȡÈ(zh)I(y)t(y)(zh)I(y)CиߵȌW(xu)Уt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)vt(y)A(y)C(j)(gu)йMеȌI(y)W(xu)Уt(y)W(xu)I(y)W(xu)vt(y)A(y)C(j)(gu)йM
ߵȌW(xu)УȫƴW(xu)@(g)ԇĿǰɇ(gu)t(y)W(xu)ԇؓ(f)؟(z)W(wng)վnmec/(gu)t(y)W(xu)ԇW(wng)ԇÿ5·݈(bo)9·ݿԇ
ڶl(wi)g(sh)YԇQԇ߀ǂ(g)ȷM(jn)W(xu)Ҫ꼉(j)һ꼉(j)꼉(j)꼉(j)꼉(j)M(jn)˴W(xu)÷I(y)ҲI(y)(g)ǻޏ(f)W(xu)ǻW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)g(sh)ǻMƌW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)Cϣǻ(ni)ƌW(xu)(bo)l£ǻt(y)W(xu)g(sh)ڼg(sh)5(g)R
һRt(y)W(xu)t(y)м(j)
(j) 462̖(ho)ļ Rt(y)W(xu)I(y)(j)YĿԇաA͇(gu)(zh)I(y)t(y)P(gun)Ҏ(gu)(zh)Ӈ(gu)t(y)YԇȡÈ(zh)I(y)t(y)YƸt(y)ʿ(w)ȡÈ(zh)I(y)t(y)YƸt(y)(w)
1Rt(y)W(xu)I(y)м(j)YԇˆT(yng)߂лl
1A͇(gu)đͷ
2ءA͇(gu)(zh)I(y)t(y)ȡÈ(zh)I(y)t(y)Y
3߂õt(y)t(y)L(fng);I(y)
4ь(sh)ʩסԺt(y)Ҏ(gu)Ӗ(xn)t(y)C(j)(gu)t(y)ȡԓӖ(xn)ϸC
2Rt(y)W(xu)I(y)м(j)YԇˆT߂Ҏ(gu)ėl߀횾߂Зl֮һ
1ȡt(y)W(xu)ЌW(xu)vƸ(dn)t(y)(w)M7
2ȡt(y)W(xu)W(xu)vt(y)M6
3ȡt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)vt(y)M4
4ȡRt(y)W(xu)TʿI(y)W(xu)λt(y)M2
5ȡRt(y)W(xu)ʿI(y)W(xu)λ
A(y)t(y)W(xu)ˎW(xu)o(h)g(sh)I(y)
A(y)t(y)W(xu)ˎW(xu)o(h)g(sh)I(y)֞(j)Yм(j)Y(j)Yȫt(y)W(xu)I(y)֞м(j)Y(j)Y
1ȡó(j)Y(j)P(gun)Ҏ(gu)ЗlƸ(yng)ČI(y)g(sh)(w)
1ˎo(h)
ȡЌW(xu)v(dn)ˎo(h)ʿ(w)M 5ꣻ
ȡôW(xu)v±I(y)M 3
ȡñƌW(xu)v±I(y)M 1
2lˆTֻƸˎo(h)ʿ(w)
2ȡм(j)YP(gun)Ҏ(gu)Ƹ()t(y)ˎo(h)(w)
3(j)Yȡþ(sh)пu(png)Y(ji)Ϸʽwkƶ
A(y)t(y)W(xu)ȫt(y)W(xu)ˎW(xu)o(h)g(sh)I(y)g(sh)YԇˆT(yng)߂лl
1A͇(gu)đͷɡ
2߂õt(y)t(y)L(fng);I(y)
ˎW(xu)o(h)g(sh)I(y)(j)YԇˆT߂Ҏ(gu)Ļl߀횾߂(yng)I(y)ЌόW(xu)v
A(y)t(y)W(xu)ȫt(y)W(xu)ˎW(xu)o(h)g(sh)I(y)м(j)YԇˆT߂Ҏ(gu)ėl߀횾߂Зl֮һ
1ȡ(yng)I(y)ЌW(xu)v......>>
}Ո(qng)ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ЩṇԺֻܮ(dng)t(y) 20 @t(y)W(xu)cW(xu)Ʋt(y)W(xu)A(ch)n̶W(xu)ͬľǂ(c)c(din)t(y)ҲW(xu)RA(y)ȵČW(xu)Ժt(y)@(g)I(y)ͨ^Ё׃
}ߣ?jin)һ(g)W(xu)t(y)Ć}(dng)t(y)Լxt(y)I(y) W(xu)t(y)Ժ¿ǻF(xin)t(y)W(xu)I(y)пǻI(y)ǻI(y)(yng)ԓft(y)I(y)
F(xin)ںܶt(y)W(xu)W(xu)O(sh)ÿǻI(y)I(y)ԺԈ(bo)ǻt(y)ǻt(y)ίNX;NֲXCNֲ
Ʒ֞ƺ̓(ni),Ҫg(sh),(ni)ƞίXޏ(f)ǻͯǻȡ
(yu)t(y)(yng)ԓȡát(y)(zh)I(y)Ct(y)QͬһI(y)R;ͨNֲǻȫޏ(f)ίǶwޏ(f)ǰޏ(f)ȱpί
¿ǻI(y)ôҪһҪxÌW(xu)УI(y)ǷԈ(bo)ǻt(y)
}ˣ뮔(dng)t(y)@(g)ԓʲôӵĴW(xu)W(xu)Л]д@(g)I(y) еҬF(xin)ھxģ@(g)I(y)߀DZ^õ
(ni)شW(xu)зֱƌ,ױ,_(ti)һӆ
һ
_(ti)
ߵȽ
W(xu)ƷƌW(xu)Уַ֡͡W(xu)
(d)W(xu)Ժ
W(xu)(x)t(y)W(xu)t(y)6ꡫ7Ժϵ5⣬4W(xu)ͪ(d)W(xu)ԺO(sh)ооO(sh)Tʿʿ
U(ku)չY
o(j)5070_(ti)ߵȽl(f)չ©1954m(x)(chung)kδW(xu)
AW(xu)
W(xu)ͨW(xu)˽
|ǴW(xu)
˽
oʴW(xu)
ȣĄ(l)l(f)չ˽W(xu)У
g(chung)kW(xu)͌W(xu)Ժٴˮƽġƌƣƌƣ͡ƌƣճЮI(y)^l(f)չ
1975_(ti)иߵȌW(xu)У101УW(xu)28.9f20o(j)70ں_(ti)ߵȽM(jn)뷀(wn){(dio)f(xi){(dio)l(f)չAΣߵȌW(xu)У(sh)L(zhng)p
1989꣬ԺУ 116УW(xu) 53.5fˣL(zhng)78.7%
L(zhng)
ּs 5%о(sh)@1976УTʿ4138ʿ363ˣ1989քe15750˺3799քeL(zhng)3.810.4
1982ӆW(xu)W(xu)ּɡоW(xu)g(sh) B(yng)ɽȫ֮T˲šĞ顰оW(xu)g(sh)ұ˸B(yng)ɽȫ֮T˲šдW(xu){ߵȽϵy(tng)ӏ(qing)оwƣʹо`ڌW(xu)ԺоcW(xu)ϵһ£SW(xu)ԺϵմW(xu)УI(y)
YρԴ
ٶȰٿ-_(ti)ߵȽ
ǻW(xu)Ă(g)W(xu)
1ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]ĴW(xu)
ĴW(xu)ǽֱȫ(gu)c(din)W(xu)DzЇ(gu)985̡͡211̡c(din)O(sh)ĸˮƽо;CϴW(xu)
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]ϺͨW(xu)
ϺͨW(xu)҇(gu)vʷƾu(y)(ni)ĸߵȌW(xu)֮һǽֱٲcϺйȫ(gu)c(din)W(xu)(jng)^120IJиŬϺͨW(xu)ѽ(jng)ɞһCо(gu)rHć(gu)(ni)һ(gu)H֪W(xu)ʮo(j)ĩ(zhn)ΣyЇ(gu)(sh)I(y)ʢѺһR(sh)֮ʿ֡ԏ(qing)ڃ(ch)(ch)űdW(xu)1896Ϻ(chung)k˽ͨW(xu)ǰW(xu)УʼW(xu)У(jin)֡(sh)W(xu)(w)(sh)I(y)ּB(yng)һ˲šĿ(bio)M(jn)ȡVвڶʮo(j)ʮѳɞ(gu)(ni)ĸߵȌW(xu)u(y)顰|MIT(zhn)r(sh)VvMDyD(zhun)(ni)wؑc(jin)kW(xu)ٌW(xu)ͶPԡѪɳ(chng)ǰϦVeOͶW(xu)Уu(y)顰
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]W(xu)
W(xu)(chung)k1898W(xu)ãЇ(gu)һ(gu)CԴW(xu)ҲǮ(dng)r(sh)Ї(gu)߽C(j)P(gun)1912ĞF(xin)Ļ\(yn)(dng)ĺ͡ġ\(yn)(dng)IJԴЇ(gu)R˼xƌW(xu)˼İl(f)Ї(gu)a(chn)hĻ(dng)W(xu)dͽ(gu)ҵĽO(sh)Ͱl(f)չ(hu)M(jn)˲ؕI(xin)Ї(gu)F(xin)M(jn)Ҫháۇ(gu)M(jn)ƌW(xu)Ăy(tng)ڊ^(yn)֔(jn)(sh)(chung)µČW(xu)L(fng)@Ϣ
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]hW(xu)
hW(xu)(jin)Q(sh)핡λںhֱA͇(gu)ĸ(j)ȫ(gu)c(din)W(xu)(gu)985̡211̡2024Ӌ(j)c(din)O(sh)Уͬr(sh)ǡ111Ӌ(j)Ӌ(j)ߌӴ˲M(jn)Ӌ(j)Խ̎B(yng)Ӌ(j)Խ˲ŽB(yng)Ӌ(j)͡Խt(y)B(yng)Ӌ(j)c(din)O(sh)ľCоʹW(xu)c(gu)У(lin)ϵoVЇ(gu)У֮һ(qun)ڿScienceгġЇ(gu)ܳĴW(xu)֮һhW(xu)kW(xu)Դ^Դ峯ĩ1893V֮Ո(qng)(chung)kԏ(qing)W(xu)1913(gu)ߵȎW(xu)У1926M(gu)ɽW(xu)1928궨(gu)hW(xu)(gu)ĴУ֮һ1949꣬hW(xu)
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]ɽW(xu)
ɽW(xu)ɌOɽ(chung)kһٶkW(xu)y(tng)Ї(gu)ϷƌW(xu)оĻW(xu)g(sh)c˲B(yng)(zhn)Ї(gu)ֱٸУͨ^ʡɽW(xu)ѽ(jng)ɞһ(gu)(ni)һ(gu)H֪ĬF(xin)CԴW(xu)F(xin)ɏVУ^(q)麣У^(q)У^(q)(g)У^(q)傀(g)У@˼Ҹt(y)ԺMɽW(xu)һW(xu)~M(jn)Ŭɞȫ?q)Wg(sh)(zhn)
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]t(y)ƴW(xu)
t(y)ƴW(xu)У1960DZc(din)ߵԺУѹƌԺԺʿȫR(gu)˴ί(hu)ίTL(zhng)AƽڞУL(zhng)F(xin)hίӛУL(zhng)SW(xu)УУO(sh)10W(xu)Ժ1оԺ
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]Ͼt(y)ƴW(xu)
Ͼt(y)ƴW(xu)(chung)1934꣬r(sh)Kʡt(y)W(xu)ԺW(xu)F(xin)Ї(gu)ԺԺʿ1(gu)(gu)t(y)W(xu)Ժ⼮Ժʿ1Ƹ3(gu)ҡǧӋ(j)7(gu)ҽܳƌW(xu)@7(yu)@8(gu)Ҽ(j)̌W(xu)1ˣxo(j)(yu)˲֧Ӌ(j)7KƸڡ20(gu)Ҽ(j)̌W(xu)F(tun)(du)3(g)(chung)F(tun)(du)1(g)
ǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)ôW(xu)]Ї(gu)t(y)ƴW(xu)
Ї(gu)t(y)ƴW(xu)ǰЇ(gu)r(nng)t܊܊t(y)W(xu)У193111(jng)܊ί(zhn)(chung)AKS͇(gu)Rr(sh)QءЇ(gu)a(chn)h(chung)kĵһt(y)W(xu)ԺУ܊ί܊t(y)̎̎L(zhng)R\(chng)УL(zhng),Ї(gu)t(y)ƴW(xu)УB(yng)9f(j)t(y)W(xu)T˲I(y)鲼ȫ(gu)ؼS(gu)Һ͵^(q)B(yng)һ(gu)l(wi)ĸ(j)I(lng)(do)ɲt(y)W(xu)
ǻt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)УЩ
t(y)ƴW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺBTW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺȪt(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ϵw
1t(y)ƺhW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)ԺʡΨһһǻt(y)W(xu)ʿW(xu)λڙ(qun)λҲǸʡˮƽĿǻt(y)W(xu)ԺУ֮һ
2BTW(xu)ǻt(y)W(xu)Ժԓǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)vʷƾһĎYͬF(xin)Ľ̌W(xu)O(sh)ʩ
3Ȫt(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уǻt(y)W(xu)ϵԓУ1985Ǹʡǻt(y)W(xu)I(y)(q)֮һI(y)͘I(y)ʸ
ǻt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)У?jn)?sh)
ǻt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)У?jn)?sh)£
1ɽ|t(y)W(xu)ߵȌԺУȡͷ?jn)?sh)422֡
2㽭l(wi)I(y)g(sh)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)512֡
3ĴŰI(y)g(sh)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)442
4V|I(y)g(sh)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)432
5Mt(y)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)424֡
6Kl(wi)I(y)g(sh)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)285֣ȡփHᘌ(du)ؿ_ţ
7t(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)422
8VƼW(xu)ȡͷ?jn)?sh)368
9t(y)W(xu)ߵȆЌƌW(xu)Ժĺɽȡͷ?jn)?sh)334
10ؑc{t(y)ˎߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)264
11ӱʯft(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)325
12L(zhng)t(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)398֡
13ct(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)312
14Ȫt(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)389
15ɽ\(yn)o(h)I(y)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)305֡
16t(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)238
17L(zhng)ɳl(wi)I(y)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)364
18ϼtl(wi)I(y)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)272֡
19Cl(wi)I(y)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)337
20Fݮ(ji)t(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)351
21ɽ|ຣl(wi)I(y)g(sh)W(xu)Ժȡͷֽ^Δ(sh)271֡
22Fݮ(ji)t(y)W(xu)ߵȌƌW(xu)Уȡͷ?jn)?sh)351
23ɽ|ຣl(wi)I(y)g(sh)W(xu)Ժȡͷ?jn)?sh)271
ϣУW(wng)Сo?gu)ĸW(xu)t(y)ČƌW(xu)У ǻt(y)W(xu)ƌW(xu)У?jn)?sh)ȫ?j)?ni)ϣ(du)
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