學點語音知識
2003-10-20 09:48:22 來源：英語比薩園地
要想說好英語，應該學一點語音知識。下面是筆者總結的有關語音方面的一些基本知識，供你參考。
關于語音的幾個概念
1) 字母：語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音標：詞的語音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。
4) 音節(jié)：由元音和輔音構成的發(fā)音單位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音：發(fā)音響亮，是樂音；口腔中氣流不收阻礙；是構成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有20元音。
6) 輔音：發(fā)音不響亮，是噪音；口腔中氣流受到阻礙；不是構成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有28輔音。
7) 開音節(jié)：a) 輔音+元音+輔音+e name bike home due; b) 輔音+元音 he, go, hi
8) 閉音節(jié)：a) 輔音+元音+輔音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+輔音it
9) 重讀音節(jié)：單詞中發(fā)音特別響亮的音節(jié)。
2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括號是電腦無法輸入的音標)
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [ ] hot, want
7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [u] look, put, women, could
10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [ ] boy, oil
18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair
20) [ ] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 輔音
1) [p] pen,
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ ] think,
15) [ ] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [ ] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child, teach, catch
24) [ ] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的輔音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 讀音規(guī)則
1) 重讀音節(jié)(見元音和輔音的例句)
2) 非重讀音節(jié) [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊讀音
1）音的連讀：前面的詞以元輔音結尾，后面的單詞以元音開頭，這樣結尾的輔音要和開頭的元音連讀。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：輔音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的輔音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3）音的同化：兩個特殊的音碰到一起，會發(fā)出變異成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
8. 重音
1)單詞重音
A)雙音節(jié)詞
a)一般在第一個音節(jié)重讀。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞，第二個音節(jié)是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關, 一般名詞的重音在第一個音節(jié)上，其它的詞性在第二個音節(jié)上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些復合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞，有兩個重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音節(jié)詞
a)一般倒數第三個音節(jié)是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些雙音節(jié)詞，加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié)，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后綴的詞，重音在這些后綴的前一個音節(jié)上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后綴的詞，重音在該后綴上，而且有一個次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英語的節(jié)奏：（輕）-輕-重-輕-（輕）或重-輕-（輕）（輕）重
B) 英語句子的長短：是由句子中的重讀詞的數目決定的，而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字數目決定的。
C) 實詞重讀（副詞重讀），虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節(jié)介詞，單音節(jié)連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關系代詞，相互代詞，助動詞，情態(tài)動詞和系動詞be
D) 實詞不重讀的特殊情況
a) 實詞第二次出現 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一個名詞被第二個名詞修飾 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替詞 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感嘆詞中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在專有名詞中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在這些短語中，this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虛詞重讀的特殊情況
a) 情態(tài)動詞，助動詞和系動詞be在句首，句尾和否定時。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情態(tài)動詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引導復合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代詞表示強調。He couldn't come himself.
關于語音的幾個概念
1) 字母：語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音標：詞的語音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的單位。英語中有48音素。
4) 音節(jié)：由元音和輔音構成的發(fā)音單位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音：發(fā)音響亮，是樂音；口腔中氣流不收阻礙；是構成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有20元音。
6) 輔音：發(fā)音不響亮，是噪音；口腔中氣流受到阻礙；不是構成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有28輔音。
7) 開音節(jié)：a) 輔音+元音+輔音+e name bike home due; b) 輔音+元音 he, go, hi
8) 閉音節(jié)：a) 輔音+元音+輔音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+輔音it
9) 重讀音節(jié)：單詞中發(fā)音特別響亮的音節(jié)。
2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括號是電腦無法輸入的音標)
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [ ] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [ ] hot, want
7) [ ] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [u] look, put, women, could
10) [ ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [ ] boy, oil
18) [ ] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ ] pear, care, there, fair
20) [ ] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [AI] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 輔音
1) [p] pen,
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ ] think,
15) [ ] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [ ] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [ ] child, teach, catch
24) [ ] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的輔音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [ ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 讀音規(guī)則
1) 重讀音節(jié)(見元音和輔音的例句)
2) 非重讀音節(jié) [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊讀音
1）音的連讀：前面的詞以元輔音結尾，后面的單詞以元音開頭，這樣結尾的輔音要和開頭的元音連讀。例如：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：輔音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的輔音要失去爆破。例如：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3）音的同化：兩個特殊的音碰到一起，會發(fā)出變異成特殊的音。例如：Would you do it? I am glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
8. 重音
1)單詞重音
A)雙音節(jié)詞
a)一般在第一個音節(jié)重讀。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞，第二個音節(jié)是重音。a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關, 一般名詞的重音在第一個音節(jié)上，其它的詞性在第二個音節(jié)上。'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些復合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞，有兩個重音。'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音節(jié)詞
a)一般倒數第三個音節(jié)是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些雙音節(jié)詞，加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié)，但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)詞尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后綴的詞，重音在這些后綴的前一個音節(jié)上。cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后綴的詞，重音在該后綴上，而且有一個次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A) 英語的節(jié)奏：（輕）-輕-重-輕-（輕）或重-輕-（輕）（輕）重
B) 英語句子的長短：是由句子中的重讀詞的數目決定的，而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字數目決定的。
C) 實詞重讀（副詞重讀），虛詞輕讀(冠詞，單音節(jié)介詞，單音節(jié)連詞，人稱代詞，反代詞，物主代詞，關系代詞，相互代詞，助動詞，情態(tài)動詞和系動詞be
D) 實詞不重讀的特殊情況
a) 實詞第二次出現 He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b) 一個名詞被第二個名詞修飾 I met her in the railway station.
c) 代替詞 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感嘆詞中的 what 和how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e) street 在專有名詞中 Wangfujing Street.
f)this在這些短語中，this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虛詞重讀的特殊情況
a) 情態(tài)動詞，助動詞和系動詞be在句首，句尾和否定時。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情態(tài)動詞表示可能，驚奇和肯定時。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介詞在句首和句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d) 引導復合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e)反身代詞表示強調。He couldn't come himself.
